Phytoplankton Composition and Water Fertility Status of Lake Ranau, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province

Eko Efendi; Henni Wijayanti Maharani; Putu Cinthia Delis; Rara Diantari

doi:10.51264/inajl.v4i2.42

Authors

Eko Efendi University of Lampung, Indonesia
Henni Wijayanti Maharani University of Lampung
Putu Cinthia Delis University of Lampung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-1244
Rara Diantari University of Lampung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51264/inajl.v4i2.42

Keywords:

Aquaculture, Bacillariophyceae, fisheries, saprobic, Water fertility

Abstract

Lake Ranau is the second largest lake on Sumatra Island. This lake has a high potency for fisheries. Fisheries activities carried out in Lake Ranau are fishing and aquaculture activities with nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as the main commodity. Intensive fish farming activities will cause impacts in the form of waste caused by feces and wasted feed. This waste will increase the nutrient loads that enter the waters, triggering the nutrient enriching phenomenon known as eutrophication. Eutrophication is a process of water enrichment by nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, which can change the community structure of phytoplankton in the waters and increase their growth. This study aims to analyze the composition of phytoplankton in the waters of Lake Ranau and to estimate the status of water fertility. Data collected was water quality data and phytoplankton data. Status of water fertility was analyzed using the saprobic index. The results show that the community structure of phytoplankton exhibits values as follows: the diversity index ranging from 1.54–3.08, the uniformity index ranging from 0.46–0.90, and dominance index ranging from 0.06–0.41. The abundance of phytoplankton is dominated by the species Nitzhia sp., Synedra, Diatoma, and Tabellaria (all are from the Bacillariophyceae class). The saprobic index obtained ranges from 0.74–1.26, thus categorized as the ?/?-mesosaprobic phase, meaning the waters of Lake Ranau are lightly polluted by a little load of organic and inorganic matters.

Author Biographies

Eko Efendi, University of Lampung, Indonesia

Marine Science Study Program, Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Indonesia

Henni Wijayanti Maharani, University of Lampung

Aquatic Resources study program, Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture, University, Indonesia

Putu Cinthia Delis, University of Lampung

Aquatic Resources study program, Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture, University, Indonesia

Rara Diantari, University of Lampung

Aquatic Resources study program, Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture, University, Indonesia

References

Aida SN & Utomo AD. 2012. Tingkat kesuburan perairan Waduk Kedung Ombo di Jawa Tengah. BAWAL, 4(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.15578/bawal.4.1.2012.56-66

Alvarez-Vazquez LJ, Fernandez FJ, & Martinez A. 2014. Optimal control of eutrophication processes in a moving domain. Journal of The Franklin Institute, 351, 4142–4182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2014.04.012

American Public Health Association. 2005. Standard method for the examinition of water and waste water. Water Pollution Control Federation. Port City Press. Baltimore. Maryland. 1202 p.

Aprisanti R, Mulyadi A, & Siregar SH. 2013. Struktur komunitas diatom epilitik perairan sungai senapelan dan Sungai Sail, Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 7(2), 241–252.

Astuti LP, & Satria H. 2009. Kelimpahan dan komposisi fitoplankton di Danau Sentani, Papua. Limnotek, 16(2), 88–98.

Azizah N. 2023. Penyebab 250 ton ikan mati di Danau Ranau.. https://news.republika.co.id/berita/rokzp6463/ini-penyebab-250-ton-ikan-mati-di-danau-ranau-lampung-barat. [Retrieved on Desember 12, 2023].

Basmi J. 2000. Planktonologi sebagai indikator pencemaran perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.

Bellinger EG, & Sigee DC. 2010. Freshwater algae identification and their use as bioindicators. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. UK, 279 p.

Bengen DG. 2000. Sinopsis ekosistem dan sumberdaya alam pesisir. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan –IPB. Bogor.

Boyd CE. 1982. Water quality management for pond fish culture. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

Bridgham SD & Ye R. 2013. Organic matter mineralization and decomposition. In R.D. DeLaune, K.R. Reddy, C.J. Richardson, & J.P. Megonigal (Eds.), Methods in biogeochemistry of wetlands. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser10.c20

Cheng X & Li S. 2006. An analysis on the evolvement processes of lake eutrophication and their characteristics of the typical lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51, 1603–1613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-2005-4

Coubout R. 2015. Tiba-tiba ikan mati di Danau Singkarak kenapa. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/02/18/tiba-tiba-ikan-mati-di-danau-singkarak-kenapa/ [Retrieved on Desember 18, 2023].

Dresscher TG & Van der Mark H. 1976. A simplified method for the biological assessment of the quality of fresh and slightly brackish water. Hydrobiologia, 48(3), 199–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028691

Eddy S. 2016. Struktur komunitas fitoplankton di Danau Opi Jakabaring, Kota Palembang. Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 12(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.31851/sainmatika.v12i1.434

Edwards KF, Thomas MK, Klausmeier CA, & Litchman E. 2012. Allometric scaling and taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography. 57(2), 554?566. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0554

Efendi H. 2003. Kualitas air: Telaah kualitas air bagi pengelolaan sumberdaya dan lingkungan perairan. Kanisius Publisher, Yogyakarta.

Eliyah. 2018. Fenomena kematian puluhan ton ikan di Danau Ranau Kembali terjadi. http://www.lampost.co/berita-fenomena-kematian-puluhan-ton-ikan-di-danau-ranau-kembali-terjadi [Retrieved on Desember 22, 2023].

El-Serehy HA, Abdallah HS, Al-Misned FA, Irshad R, Al-Farraj SA, & Almalki ES. 2018 Aquatic ecosystem health and trophic status classification of the Bitter Lakes along the main connecting link between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Saudi. Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(2), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.12.004

Gell P, Tibby J, Little F, Baldwin D, & Hancock G. 2007. The impact of regulation and salinisation on floodplain lakes: The lower River Murray, Australia. Hydrobiologia, 591(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0806-3

Hidayat JW. 2018. The water quality and Cultivant enrichment potency of pond based on saprobic index at north coastal waters of Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1025, 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012035

Hidayat JW, Hastuti RB, Hadi M, & Yulianto G. 2019. The structure of plankton as an environmental indicator for water management in upper part of Lake Rawapening, Semarang Regency, Indonesia. Jornal of Physics.: Conference Series, 1217(1), 012168. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012168

Irianto EW & Triweko RW. 2011. Eutrofikasi waduk dan danau: Permasalahan, pemodelan, dan upaya pengendalian. Litbang Sumber Daya Air dan Pekerjaan Umum. Bandung. ITB Press, Bandung.

Jiang YJ, He W, Liu WX, Qin, N, Ouyang, HL, Wang QM, Kong XZ, He QS, Yang C, Yang B, & Xu FL. 2014. The seasonal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community and their correlation with environmental factors in a large eutrophic Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu). Ecological Indicators, 40, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.006

Kartamihardja ES. 2013. Fenomena dampak upwelling pada usaha budidaya ikan dengan FNC di danau dan waduk. Disampaikan pada Workshop Pengelolaan Lingkungan Perikanan Budidaya di Perairan Umum. Bogor, 2-4 Oktober 2013. Puslit Pengelolaan Perikanan dan Konservasi Sumberdaya Ikan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan.

Kartamihardja ES & Krismono. 2016. Fenomena, penyebab dan pengendalian kematian massal ikan serta pengembangan budidaya ikan dalam keramba jaring apung berkelanjutan di perairan waduk dan danau. Policy Brief. Pusat Riset Perikanan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan. (unpublished).

Kattner E, Schwarz D, & Maier G. 2000. Eutrophication of Gravel Pit Lakes which are situated in close vicinity to the River Donau: Water and nutrient transport. Limnologica, 30, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(00)80057-2

Kozak A. 2010. Changes in the structure of phytoplankton in the lowest part of the Cybina River and the Malta?ski Reservoir. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 39(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10009-010-0003-y

Lehmusluoto P. 2000. Lake Toba, the first sound science initiative to abate change in the lake environment. Research and Monitoring for Basin Management Decisions, 1, 1–12.

Levine SN, & Schindler DW. 1992. Modification of the N:P ratio in lakes by in situ processes. Limnology and Oceanography, 37(5), 917–935. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.0917

Likens GE. 2013. Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem. Springer New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2

Lobo EA, Wetzel CE, Ector L, Katoh K, Blanco Lanza S, & Mayama S. 2010. Response of epilithic diatom communities to environmental gradients in subtropical temperate Brazilian rivers. Limnetica, 29(2), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.29.27

Lu J, Wu H, & Chen M. 2011. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on phytoplankton composition and biomass in 15 subtropical, urban shallow lakes in Wuhan, China. Limnologica, 41, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2010.03.003

Makmur S, Arfiati D, Bintoro G, & Ekawati AW. 2014. Morphological, meristic characteristics, and mt-DNA analysis of hampala fish (Hampala macrolepidota Kuhl & Van Hasselt 1823) from Lake Ranau, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 5(2), 447–455.

Maresi SRPM, Priyanti, & Yunita PE. 2015. Fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator saprobitas perairan di Situ Bulakan, Kota Tangerang. Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, 8(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/ 10.15408/kauniyah.v8i2.2697

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 2011. Pemeriksaan kematian ikan di Danau Ranau. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/hasil-pemeriksaan-kematian-ikan-di-danau-ranau (Retrieved on Januari 17, 2023).

Ministry of Marine and Fishery. 2023. https://statistik.kkp.go.id/home.php?m=prod_ikan_prov&i=2#panel-footer (Retrieved on Desember 21, 2023).

Muthmainnah D, Subagdja, Atminarso D, Makri, Sudrajat A, & Irawan B. 2014. Penelitian stok sumberdaya ikan dan lingkungan perairan Danau Ranau Provinsi Sumatra Selatan. Laporan Teknis. Balai Penelitian Perikanan Perairan Umum, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. 39 hal.

Needham JG, & Needham DR. 1992. A guide to study of freshwater biology (15th ed.). Holden Day Inc, San Fransisco, 108 p.

Nontji A. 2016. Danau-danau alami Nusantara. Puslit Limnologi LIPI dan MLI. 294 hal.

Nuriasih DM, & Anggoro S. 2018. Saprobic analysis to Marina coastal, Semarang City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 116(1), 012096. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/116/1/012096

Odum EP, & Barrett GW. 2009. Fundamentals of ecology (5th ed.) Cengage Learning, Melbourne

Offem BO, Ayotunde EO, Ikpi GU, Ochang SN, & Ada FB. 2011. Influence of seasons on water quality, abundance of fish and plankton species of Ikwori Lake, South-Eastern Nigeria. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 13, 1–18.

Pratiwi NT, Adiwilaga EM, Basmi J, Krisanti M, & Hadijah O. 2007. Status limnologis Situ Cilala mengacu pada kondisi parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi perairan. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 9(1), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.67

Pratiwi NTM, Hariyadi S, Ayu IP, Iswantari A, & Amalia FJ. 2013. Komposisi fitoplankton dan status kesuburan perairan Danau Lido, Bogor-Jawa Barat melalui beberapa pendekatan. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 9(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.14203/jbi.v9i1.152

Primus J. 2010. Keramba jaring apung tingkatkan produksi ikan. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2010/07/28/2113006/FNC.Tingkatkan.Produksi.Ikan.-5 [Retrieved on December 15, 2023].

Rakocevic J. 2012. Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in Lake Skadar. Archives of Biological Sciences, 64(2), 585?595. https://doi.org//10.2298/ABS1202585R

Richardson CJ, King RS, Qian SS, Vaithiyanathan P, Qualls RG, & Stow CA. 2007. Estimating ecological thresholds for phosphorus in the Everglades. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(23), 8084–8091. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/es062624w

Samuel SN, Aida S, & Makmur S. 2010. Perikanan dan kualitas lingkungan perairan Danau Ranau dalam upaya pelestarian dan mendukung produksi hasil tangkap nelayan. Laporan Akhir Riset. Balai Riset Perikanan Perairan Umum, Palembang. Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 28 hal.

Schindler DW, Bayley SE, & Schlesinger WH. 1993. The biosphere as an increasing sink for atmospheric carbon: Estimates from increasing nitrogen deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02562

Schindler DW. 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Science, 195(4275), 260–262. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1743244

Setyahadi A, Eko P, Rinaldi I, & Arif A. 2012. Danau-danau penanda jejak tektovulkanik. https://travel.kompas.com/read/2012/04/23/09035935/danau-danau.penanda.jejak.tektovulkanik?page=all. [Retrieved on December 17, 2023].

Simarmata AH. 2007. Kajian keterkaitan antara kemantapan cadangan oksigen dengan beban masukan bahan organik di Waduk Ir. H. Juanda Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Tesis. IPB Bogor

Siregar ZA, Anggoro S, Irianto HE, & Purnaweni H. 2023. A saprobic index for quality of minapadi water and the fish osmotic performance level of minapadi. E3S Web of Conferences, 448, 03062. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344803062

Soeprobowati TR, & Rahardian R. 2003. Diatom and urbanization: A case study at Banger River, Pekalongan. Paper Presented in The International Conference on Environmental and Urban Management. University of Soegyopranoto, Semarang, August 1–3, 2003.

Soeprobowati TR, Sugondo H, Hendrarto IB, Sumantri I, & Toha B. 2001. Diatom and ecological changes of the river. Seri Penelitian Fakultas Biologi, 4(2), 72–97.

Subagdja, Muthmainnah D, Sawestri S, Atminarso D, Makri, & Sudrajat A. 2013. Ekologi, biologi, dan kapasitas penangkapan sumberdaya ikan di Danau Ranau Provinsi Sumatra Selatan. Laporan Teknis Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pusat Penelitian Pengelolaan Perikanan dan Konservasi Sumberdaya Ikan. Balai Penelitian Perikanan Perairan Umum. Jakarta.

Sulastri. 2011. Perubahan temporal komposisi dan kelimpahan fitoplankton di Situ Lembang, Jawa Barat. Limnotek, 18(1), 1–14.

Suryanti. 2008. Kajian tingkat saprobitas di Muara Sungai Morodemak pada saat pasang dan surut. Jurnal Saintek Perikanan, 4(1), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.4.1.76-83

Suwandana AF, Purnomo PW, & Rudiyanti S. 2018. Analisis perbandingan fitoplankton dan zooplankton serta TSI (Trophic Saprobic Index) pada perairan tambak di Kampung Tambak Lorok, Semarang. Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES), 7(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.14710/marj.v7i3.22547

Troitskaya E, Blinov V, Ivanov V, Zhdanov A, Gnatovsky R, Sutyrina E, & Shimaraev M. 2015. Cyclonic circulation and upwelling in Lake Baikal. Aquatic Sciences, 77, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-014-0361-8

Walker JL, Younos T, & Zipper CE. 2007. Nutrients in lakes and reservoirs: A literature review for use in nutrient criteria development. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 40 p.

Widyastuti E, Piranti AS, & Rahayu DRUS. 2009. Monitoring status daya dukung Perairan Waduk Wadaslintang bagi budidaya keramba jaring apung. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 16(3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.18700

Wijaya TS, & Hariyati R. 2011. Struktur komunitas fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator kualitas perairan Danau Rawapening, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Anatomi Fisiologi, 19(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.14710/baf.v19i1.2584

Yang XE, Wu X, Hao HL, & He ZL. 2008. Mechanisms and assessment of water eutrophication. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, 9(3), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710626

Yasland M, & Murdaningsih D. 2018. Ikan di Danau Ranau Lampung Barat mati mendadak. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/18/02/06/p3paz5377-ikan-di-danau-ranau-mati-mendadak [Retrieved on December 22, 2023].

Zaennudin A, Basuki A, Solikhin A, & Saing UB. 2011. Studi awal fenomena kematian ikan di Danau Ranau, Sumatra Selatan. Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, 2(2), 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34126/jlbg.v2i2.23

Zhang Y, Li M, Dong J, Yang H, Van Zwieten, L, Lu H., ... & Wang H. 2021. A critical review of methods for analyzing freshwater eutrophication. Water, 13(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020225

Zulfia N, & Aisyah. 2013. Status trofik Perairan Rawapening ditinjau dari kandungan unsur hara (NO3 dan PO4) serta klorofil-a. BAWAL, 5(3), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.15578/bawal.5.3.2013.189-199